How did the Norse Yule turn into a Viking Christmas celebration? In 940 to 961 AD, Haakon the Good was the king of Norway, and during his reign, the English court introduced him to Christianity. Haakon then tried to convert the rest of Norway. It must’ve been such an interesting time, with Viking Yule (or winter solstice) traditions mingling with newer Christian celebrations.

This week, because I was reading a Viking story and decorating my house for Christmas, I got curious about this era. I even went back to a few of the sagas (which make for wild reading, if you’re ever up for it) for clues. Here’s what I found!

12 Days of Yule

In ancient times in Norway, Yule (Jul) lasted twelve days (I’ve found one source that says thirteen.) According to an Icelandic saga in Heimskringla, after Haakon converted to Christianity, he turned Yule into a three-day celebration beginning on December 25, when all the other Christians celebrated it. In the early church, Christmas had also been celebrated by January 6 in some places, but December 25—the day the Romans celebrated the god Mithras—won out.

Despite what it says in the sagas, there are some accounts of Yule still lasting twelve days in Norway—until the day before January 6, which the church settled on for Epiphany.

It’s interesting to remember that in Norway at this time of year, the days were very short. They came soon after the winter solstice, the shortest day of the year. Modern-day Oslo, for instance, sees about six hours of daylight on December 25. I can imagine that before electricity, in such a cold country, in the deep heart of midwinter, gathering for Viking celebrations was probably good for the soul.

Norse Yule Traditions

Yule began with slaughtering livestock, followed by a big feast. One of the sagas writes about a large boar being brought into the hall. People would put their hands on the bristles and make vows before the animal was sacrificed.

While the pagan spiritual associations of this ritual slipped away, sacrificing the boar and presenting its head remained a symbol of Yule and a part of many Christmas celebrations. You may have heard the English Boar’s Head Carol, which dates back to the fifteenth century. Several churches in the United States celebrate Boar’s Head Feasts.

 

 

If you’re familiar with Christmas in Norway, you might be wondering if lutefisk—a gelatinous dish of dried whitefish rehydrated in lye—was part of the ancient Norse Yule. It might have been, and it was very likely part of the Viking Christmas, given the fact that it was mentioned in a 13th century saga.

Drinking beer out of horns was a big part of Yule. Although Yule celebrated Odin, the Vikings drank toasts to other Norse gods as well—such as Thor, Freyr, and Brage—and to departed loved ones. Festive drinking has always been a part of many Christian Yule celebrations, although beer was often not the drink of choice.

 

 

There are some stories about the ancient Norse Yule tradition of leaving food and drink out for ghosts. In one of the sagas, King Halvdan the Black and his guests are sitting at the banquet table when the food disappears right in front of them, which they all, naturally, find pretty depressing. The saga suggests that Odin, rather than ghosts, was responsible. But there are several truly frightening Christmas ghost stories in the Viking sagas.

Even after Yule became Christian, telling ghost stories was a popular part of the festivities. I’m sure that in dark halls, it was a good choice for entertainment, and for some reason, they didn’t choose to tell each other the medieval equivalent of Hallmark Christmas movies instead. When I was a kid, I used to wonder why the song recorded by Andy Williams, “It’s the Most Wonderful Time of the Year,” said “there’ll be scary ghost stories…” Now I know! Perhaps the most famous work of Christmas fiction, the English novel A Christmas Carol, is a ghost story. When he wrote it, Dickens was picking up on an old tradition.

Putting holly, a plant sacred to the goddess Freyja, inside the home was supposed to bring good luck. Holly wasn’t only a Norse tradition, though; reportedly, the Romans used it to decorate their homes at Saturnalia, their pagan winter solstice celebration. “Decking the halls with boughs of holly” is featured in one of the most popular Christian Christmas carols of all time, as is the Yule log (discussed below.) 

 

 

Julebukking was another Yule tradition. People would wear masks and costumes and go door to door, carrying a goat head (more about goats below.) As the ancient Norse Yule became Viking Christmas, the singing of Christmas songs became a part of this tradition, and people rewarded the singers with drinks or food. The lyrics to “The Wassail Song” are very much in this spirit. This was a lot like our modern-day Halloween trick-or-treating in the United States. Of course, even today, people often pass out Christmas cookies to carollers.

Was there a Viking Christmas tree? Maybe! I’ve come across a few sources that say decorating a Christmas tree with small carvings and gifts for the gods was a part of Viking Yule. In a book from the nineteenth century, I read that in Germany, there was an ancient custom of decorating evergreen trees with apples and nuts in honor of the Norse god Freyr. I haven’t been able to find any original sources yet about tree decorating as a part of the earlier Norse Yule traditions, but if anyone knows of one, let me know.

Yule Symbols

The Yule Goat

This goat made out of straw almost certainly dates back to ancient pagan Yule festivals, and there are several theories, all plausible, about its symbolism. The Yule Goat in Scandinavia may have honored the god Thor, who drove a chariot drawn by two goats. A white goat was the symbol of the sun god in Slavic traditions, which could explain why it became significant at the winter solstice. Scandinavian traditions about saving the last sheaf of grain from the harvest, believing it would bring luck to the Yule celebration, is the most likely origin.

 

The Yule Log

This is probably the most famous part from the Viking celebrations. The “log” could be a whole tree trunk, big enough to burn every night for all twelve nights of Yule. It may have been tied into the winter solstice and the return of the sun. It inspired a famous French dessert: the Buche de Noel, a Christmas cake decorated to look like a log, sometimes finished with powdered sugar “snow” or meringue mushrooms.

 

 

Viking Santa Claus?

Most of us have heard that Santa Claus was Saint Nicolas, but with his long white beard and his Northern residence, Santa Claus also does bear a certain physical resemblance to Odin. He didn’t get around with the help of eight tiny reindeer, but he did ride an eight-legged horse. It’s possible to see some parallels between the Norse version of the Wild Hunt—in which Odin crossed the sky at night with his supernatural hunters—and Santa Claus’s trip around the world in one night. But that doesn’t make Odin Santa Claus. Odin was a complex god, a warrior and a shaman, and generally speaking, not a jolly old soul.

 

And regardless of any similarities, Santa Claus is, obviously, a real person unto himself.

 

Did you already know some of these things about the early Viking Christmas? I might add to the post later, as I often do, so if I’ve missed something important about Norse Yule, please let me know in the comments section! And if you’re celebrating Yule in your house, I’d love to hear about your own traditions, too. Thanks so much for reading, and have a great week!

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